Written in a style that breaks the barriers between the disciplines, this monograph enables researchers from life science, physics, engineering, or chemistry to access the most recent results in a common language. The resulting review character of this project sets it apart from specialized journals, and allows each volume to respond quickly to new developments. This third volume contains new topics ranging from chaotic computing, via random dice tossing and stochastic limit-cycle oscillators, to a number theoretic example of self-organized criticality, wave localization in complex networks and anomalous diffusion. A first-class board of international scientists advises the editor, such that the carefully selected and invited contributions represent the latest and most relevant findings.